In all its splendor, I18N is not FreeBSD-specific and is a convention. We encourage you to help FreeBSD in following this convention.
Localization settings are based on three main terms: Language Code, Country Code, and Encoding. Locale names are constructed from these parts as follows:
LanguageCode_CountryCode.Encoding
In order to localize a FreeBSD system to a specific language (or any other I18N-supporting UNIX's), the user needs to find out the codes for the specify country and language (country codes tell applications what variation of given language to use). In addition, web browsers, SMTP/POP servers, web servers, etc. make decisions based on them. The following are examples of language/country codes:
Some languages use non-ASCII encodings that are 8-bit, wide or multibyte characters, see multibyte(3) for more details. Older applications do not recognize them and mistake them for control characters. Newer applications usually do recognize 8-bit characters. Depending on the implementation, users may be required to compile an application with wide or multibyte characters support, or configure it correctly. To be able to input and process wide or multibyte characters, the FreeBSD Ports collection has provided each language with different programs. Refer to the I18N documentation in the respective FreeBSD Port.
Specifically, the user needs to look at the application documentation to decide on how to configure it correctly or to pass correct values into the configure/Makefile/compiler.
Some things to keep in mind are:
Language specific single C chars character sets (see multibyte(3)), i.e., ISO_8859-1, ISO_8859-15, KOI8-R, CP437.
Wide or multibyte encodings, f.e. EUC, Big5.
You can check the active list of character sets at the IANA Registry.
In the FreeBSD Ports and Package system, I18N applications have been named with I18N in their names for easy identification. However, they do not always support the language needed.
Theoretically, one only needs to export the value of his/her locale name as LANG in the login shell and is usually done through the user's ~/.login_conf or the user login shell configuration (~/.profile, ~/.bashrc, ~/.cshrc). This should set all of the locale subsets (such as LC_CTYPE, LC_CTIME, etc.). Please refer to language-specific FreeBSD documentation for more information.
有兩個環境變數是和 locale 設定有關的：
LANG POSIX setlocale(3) 系列的函式會用到；
MM_CHARSET 應用程式中 MIME 字集會用到。
This includes the user shell config, the specific application config, and the X11 config.
There are two methods for setting locale, and both are described below. The first (recommended one) is by assigning the environment variables in login class, and the second is by adding the environment variable assignments to the system's shell startup file.
This method allows environment variables needed for locale name and MIME character sets to be assigned once for every possible shell instead of adding specific shell assignments to each shell's startup file. User Level Setup can be done by an user himself and Administrator Level Setup require superuser privileges.
Here is a minimal example of a .login_conf file in user's home directory which has both variables set for Latin-1 encoding:
german:German User:\
:charset=ISO-8859-1:\
:lang=de_DE.ISO_8859-1:Here is an example of a .login_conf that sets the variables for Traditional Chinese in BIG-5 encoding. Notice the many more variables set because some software does not respect locale variables correctly for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean.
#Users who do not wish to use monetary units or time formats
#of Taiwan can manually change each variable
taiwan:Taiwanese User:\
lang=zh_TW.Big5:\
lc_all=zh_TW.Big:\
lc_collate=zh_TW.Big5:\
lc_ctype=zh_TW.Big5:\
lc_messages=zh_TW.Big5:\
lc_monetary=zh_TW.Big5:\
lc_numeric=zh_TW.Big5:\
lc_time=zh_TW.Big5:\
charset=big5:\
xmodifiers="@im=xcin": #Setting the XIM Input ServerSee Administrator Level Setup and login.conf(5) for more details.
第一步，檢查看看您的 /etc/login.conf 是不是有 russian 這個 login class，看起來像這樣：
language_name:accounts_title:\
:charset=MIME_charset:\
:lang=locale_name:\
:tc=default:So sticking with our previous example using Latin-1, it would look like this:
german:German Users Accounts:\
:charset=ISO-8859-1:\
:lang=de_DE.ISO_8859-1:\
:tc=default:要怎麼用 vipw(8) 改變 Login Classes
如果您是用 vipw(8) 來新增使用者的話，您的 /etc/master.passwd 看起來像這樣：
user:password:1111:11:language:0:0:User Name:/home/user:/bin/sh
要怎麼用 adduser(8) 改變 Login Classes
如果您是用 adduser(8) 來新增使用者的話：
在 /etc/adduser.conf 設定 defaultclass = language 。 如此一來，您在為非俄語使用者設定 class 的時候就必需鍵入 default。
另外的做法是每次您看到
Enter login class: default []:
的時候都要回答
russian。其他的做法： 使用以下的做法對每個您要新增的俄語使用者。
# adduser -class language
要怎麼用 pw(8) 去修改 Login Classes
如果您是用 pw(8) 來新增使用者的話， 用下列的方法來執行：
# pw useradd user_name -L language
Note: This method is not recommended because it requires a different setup for each possible login program chosen. Use the Login Class Method instead.
To add the locale name and MIME character set, just set the two environment variables shown below in the /etc/profile and/or /etc/csh.login shell startup files. We will use the German language as an example below:
In /etc/profile:
LANG=de_DE.ISO_8859-1; export LANG
MM_CHARSET=ISO-8859-1; export MM_CHARSETOr in /etc/csh.login:
setenv LANG de_DE.ISO_8859-1
setenv MM_CHARSET ISO-8859-1Alternatively, you can add the above instructions to /usr/share/skel/dot.profile (similar to what was used in /etc/profile above), or /usr/share/skel/dot.login (similar to what was used in /etc/csh.login above).
For X11:
In $HOME/.xinitrc:
LANG=de_DE.ISO_8859-1; export LANG
Or:
setenv LANG de_DE.ISO_8859-1
Depending on your shell (see above).
For all single C chars character sets, set the correct console fonts in /etc/rc.conf for the language in question with:
font8x16=font_name
font8x14=font_name
font8x8=font_nameThe font_name here is taken from the /usr/share/syscons/fonts directory, without the .fnt suffix.
Also be sure to set the correct keymap and screenmap for your single C chars character set through /stand/sysinstall. Once inside sysinstall, choose Configure, then Console. Alternatively, you can add the following to /etc/rc.conf:
scrnmap=screenmap_name
keymap=keymap_name
keychange="fkey_number sequence"The screenmap_name here is taken from the /usr/share/syscons/scrnmaps directory, without the .scm suffix. A screenmap with a corresponding mapped font is usually needed as a workaround for expanding bit 8 to bit 9 on a VGA adapter's font character matrix in pseudographics area, i.e., to move letters out of that area if screen font uses a bit 8 column.
If you have the moused daemon enabled by setting the following in your /etc/rc.conf:
moused_enable="YES"
then examine the mouse cursor information in the next paragraph.
By default the mouse cursor of the syscons driver occupies the 0xd0-0xd3 range in the character set. If your language uses this range, you need to move the cursor's range outside of it. To enable the workaround for FreeBSD versions before 5.0, insert the following line into your kernel config:
options SC_MOUSE_CHAR=0x03
For the FreeBSD versions 5.0 and up insert the following line into /etc/rc.conf:
mousechar_start=3
The keymap_name here is taken from the /usr/share/syscons/keymaps directory, without the .kbd suffix.
The keychange is usually needed to program function keys to match the selected terminal type because function key sequences can not be defined in the key map.
Also be sure to set the correct console terminal type in /etc/ttys for all ttyv* entries. Current pre-defined correspondences are:
| Character Set | Terminal Type |
|---|---|
| ISO-8859-1 or ISO-8859-15 | cons25l1 |
| ISO-8859-2 | cons25l2 |
| KOI8-R | cons25r |
| KOI8-U | cons25u |
| CP437 (hardware default) | cons25 |
For wide or multibyte characters languages, use the correct FreeBSD port in your /usr/ports/language directory. Some ports appear as console while the system sees it as serial vtty's, hence you must reserve enough vtty's for both X11 and the pseudo-serial console. Here is a partial list of applications for using other languages in console:
Although X11 is not part of the FreeBSD Project, we have included some information here for FreeBSD users. For more details, refer to the XFree86 web site or whichever X11 Server you use.
In ~/.Xresources, you can additionally tune application specific I18N settings (e.g., fonts, menus, etc.).
Install the X11 True Type-Common server (XTT-common) and install the language truetype fonts. Setting the correct locale should allow you to view your selected language in menus and such.
The X11 Input Method (XIM) Protocol is a new standard for all X11 clients. All X11 applications should be written as XIM clients that take input from XIM Input servers. There are several XIM servers available for different languages.
Some single C chars character sets are usually hardware coded into printers. Wide or multibyte character sets require special setup and we recommend using apsfilter. You may also convert the document to Postscript or PDF formats using language specific converters.
The FreeBSD FFS filesystem is 8-bit clean, so it can be used with any single C chars character set (see multibyte(3)), but there is no character set name stored in the filesystem; i.e., it is raw 8-bit and does not know anything about encoding order. Officially, FFS does not support any form of wide or multibyte character sets yet. However, some wide or multibyte character sets have independent patches for FFS enabling such support. They are only temporary unportable solutions or hacks and we have decided to not include them in the source tree. Refer to respective languages' web sites for more informations and the patch files.
The FreeBSD MS-DOS filesystem has the configurable ability to convert between MS-DOS, Unicode character sets and chosen FreeBSD filesystem character sets. See mount_msdos(8) for details.